Basha Miao Village lies on the southern border of Southwest China’s Guizhou Province. The Miao villagers have maintained the characteristic lifestyle of the Miao ethnic group, still retaining the living customs and dressing code of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. We visited the location.
Basha means ‘lush‘ in the Miao language. Located on the lower slopes of Moon Hill, the village abounds in bamboo groves and verdant forests. Residents work the terraced fields below. The village consists of five Miao communities, adding up to a total population of 2,000. One of the distinctive topknots that the men of Basha wear, their firelocks, and the ancient trees that surround their home are regarded as the ‘three treasures’ of Basha Village. Basha men prize their firelocks as precious heirlooms passed down for generations. Generally dressed in dark clothes, a knife in a woven sheath at the waist and rifles slung over the shoulder, Basha men resemble ancient warriors. Basha is the only place in China exempt from the country’s strict prohibition on firearm possession. The government issues special permits to carry their traditional musket-style powder rifles, whose range is limited to 20 meters. The weapons are made locally.
Miao communities in the village live according to the time-honoured tradition whereby ‘men till and women weave’. They subsist on farming and hunting, and the gods of the sun and of trees are their deities. The hanging fish baskets in some homes signify the role that fishing still plays as a food source, in addition to farming and hunting, although less so now than in earlier times.
Stories on Stilts
Basha villagers still live in traditional stilted houses, some of the older ones roofed in tree bark. Luxuriant bamboo groves act as natural borders between clusters of dwellings. The oldest house, its pillars and columns chopped and shaped by an axe, is said to have been built 250 years ago. Newly built houses have relatively modern features, such as glass window panes to let the sunlight in but to retain the common architectural structure. The first floors of these stilted residences are used for storage or keeping livestock. The second floor is generally the living area and has a stunning view of the rooftops below, with coils of cooking smoke rising against a backdrop of terraced fields. The villagers sleep on mats on the floor, rather than in beds. The younger people still keep to time honoured traditions but also appreciate the comforts of a more modern lifestyle, though to a far lesser degree than city dwellers. Older residents have seen such changes to tiles, on roofs that often overlay steel sheets, a modification that protects against storm and gale damage.
The oldest flight of steps in the village consists of hewn tree trunks with wooden railings on either side. The hillside ascending from the road is laced with trestles of wooden rails, five meters tall and four meters wide, on which to dry rice. After a harvest, the hillsides are resplendent in these golden sheaves.
Miao Culture
The Basha people have a distinctive style of dress. The men wear short black jackets with round copper buttons that fasten on the left and black straight trousers. Women wear black jackets that fasten down the front, with short pleated skirts embellished with colourful batiks and embroideries. Regardless of age or gender, the garments of all Miao residents of Basha are made from an indigo shade of hand-woven fabric resembling watered gauze. It is dyed in the juice of Baphicacanthus Cusia leaves. Egg white is added to make it rain-proof, giving it a leathery quality. The fabric sometimes appears to glisten, due perhaps to being tossed into dye over and over again rather than washed.
Men in Basha go to great lengths to maintain their distinctive hairstyle. The style is achieved by shaving off all hair other than that on the top of the head with a sickle and coiling it into a chignon, or ‘hugun’, as it is called in the Miao language. Legend has it that this distinct characteristic is the legacy of Chi You, a mythical warrior from ancient times and ancestor of the Miao ethnic group. By the time they can speak, all Miao boys know that their ‘hugun’ signifies masculinity and strength. Men consequently wear them for life, and have done so for generations. Those we saw, however, all wore headscarves. Apparently, only children taking part in folk performances openly display their ‘hugun’.
Locals told us that their lives are carefree thanks to their ancestors’ wise choice of this resource-rich place laden with trees as a home. As the Basha people worship trees they do not use them as logs for firewood unless absolutely necessary. Besides flourishing forests, Basha is also ample in another local specialty, bamboo, which can be seen everywhere. Many villages are built amid the peaceful surroundings of bamboo groves. When one of us suggested, partly in jest, that we dig up some fresh bamboo shoots to take home, the locals made it clear that this would amount to sacrilege.
We saw in the village the charred remains and ashes of a burnt-down house. It brought home just how susceptible to fire hazards this ancient wooden village is. A single spark could destroy its occupants’ entire cultural legacy. Although the Basha people honour their tribal traditions, this has not prevented their assimilation into modern society. Little by little they have lost their past, and what the future will bring to Basha people remains to be seen.
